HPD04/29/2026(A) § HMC:FILE ANNUAL BEDBUG REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH HPD RULE AS DESCRIBED ON THE BACK OF THIS NOTICE OF VIOLATION OR AS DESCRIBED ON HPDS WEBSITE, WWW.NYC.GOV\HPD, SEARCH BED BUGS.
HPD11/17/2025§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
DOB11/14/2025VIOLATION ISSUED-FAILURE TO FILE 2024 EXTERNAL LOW PRESSURE INSPECTION
HPD06/04/2025(A) § HMC:FILE ANNUAL BEDBUG REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH HPD RULE AS DESCRIBED ON THE BACK OF THIS NOTICE OF VIOLATION OR AS DESCRIBED ON HPDS WEBSITE, WWW.NYC.GOV\HPD, SEARCH BED BUGS.
HPD11/22/2024§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
DOB09/23/2024VIOLATION ISSUED-FAILURE TO FILE 2023 EXTERNAL LOW PRESSURE INSPECTION
HPD04/01/2024(A) § HMC:FILE ANNUAL BEDBUG REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH HPD RULE AS DESCRIBED ON THE BACK OF THIS NOTICE OF VIOLATION OR AS DESCRIBED ON HPDS WEBSITE, WWW.NYC.GOV\HPD, SEARCH BED BUGS.
HPD11/15/2023§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
DOB06/30/2023VIOLATION ISSUED-FAILURE TO FILE 2021 EXTERNAL LOW PRESSURE INSPECTION
DOB06/30/2023VIOLATION ISSUED-FAILURE TO FILE 2020 EXTERNAL LOW PRESSURE INSPECTION
DOB06/20/2023VIOLATION ISSUED-FAILURE TO FILE 2018 EXTERNAL LOW PRESSURE INSPECTION
DOB06/20/2023VIOLATION ISSUED-FAILURE TO FILE 2019 EXTERNAL LOW PRESSURE INSPECTION
DOB04/25/2023VIOLATION ISSUED-FAILURE TO FILE 2022 EXTERNAL LOW PRESSURE INSPECTION
HPD03/15/2023(A) § HMC:FILE ANNUAL BEDBUG REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH HPD RULE AS DESCRIBED ON THE BACK OF THIS NOTICE OF VIOLATION OR AS DESCRIBED ON HPDS WEBSITE, WWW.NYC.GOV\HPD, SEARCH BED BUGS.
HPD11/02/2022§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
HPD02/16/2022§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
HPD02/16/2022(A) § HMC:FILE ANNUAL BEDBUG REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH HPD RULE AS DESCRIBED ON THE BACK OF THIS NOTICE OF VIOLATION OR AS DESCRIBED ON HPDS WEBSITE, WWW.NYC.GOV\HPD, SEARCH BED BUGS.
HPD04/01/2021(A) § HMC:FILE ANNUAL BEDBUG REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH HPD RULE AS DESCRIBED ON THE BACK OF THIS NOTICE OF VIOLATION OR AS DESCRIBED ON HPDS WEBSITE, WWW.NYC.GOV\HPD, SEARCH BED BUGS.
HPD04/01/2021§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
DOB01/17/2020VIOLATION ISSUED FOR FAILURE TO FILE ANNUAL BOILER 2017 INSPECTION REPORT
HPD10/25/2019§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
HPD10/09/2018§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
HPD11/06/2017§27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE §27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
HPD10/26/2016SECTION27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE ?27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
HPD10/01/2015SECTION27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE ?27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
DOB03/03/2015VIOLATION ISSUED FOR FAILURE TO FILE ANNUAL BOILER 2013 INSPECTION REPORT
HPD02/02/2015SECTION27-2107 ADM CODE OWNER FAILED TO FILE A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT WITH THE DEPARTMENT AS REQUIRED BY ADM CODE ?27-2097 AND IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CIVIL PENALTIES, PROHIBITED FROM CERTIFYING VIOLATIONS, AND DENIED THE RIGHT TO RECOVER POSSESSION OF PREMISES FOR NONPAYMENT OF RENT UNTIL A VALID REGISTRATION STATEMENT IS FILED.
HPD08/30/2013SECTION 27-2089 ADM CODE ABOVE PREMISES HAVE BEEN VACANT AND UNTENANTED EXCEPT FOR CARETAKER FOR 60 DAYS OR MORE, AND CANNOT BE REOCCUPIED UNTIL A NEW CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY HAS BEEN OBTAINED. PREMISES HAVE BEEN VACANT SINCE 10/08/12 AND STILL VACANT ON 08/30/2013
DOB03/01/2013VIOLATION ISSUED FOR FAILURE TO FILE ANNUAL BOILER 2011 INSPECTION REPORT
HPD10/08/2012SECTION 27-2089 ADM CODE ABOVE PREMISES HAVE BEEN VACANT AND UNTENANTED EXCEPT FOR CARETAKER FOR 60 DAYS OR MORE, AND CANNOT BE REOCCUPIED UNTIL A NEW CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY HAS BEEN OBTAINED. PREMISES HAVE BEEN VACANT SINCE 10/08/12 .
DOB12/13/2011VIOLATION ISSUED FOR FAILURE TO FILE ANNUAL BOILER 2010 INSPECTION REPORT
DOB12/31/2009V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB01/01/2009V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB01/03/2008V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB01/19/2007V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB01/06/2006V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB01/31/2005V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB02/13/2004V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB03/19/2003V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB03/26/2002V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB02/27/2001V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB02/07/2000V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB03/16/1999V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB05/04/1998V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB09/16/1997V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB08/28/1997VP-VIOLATION UNSERVED ECB-ACTIVE
DOB08/28/1997V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB02/10/1997V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB08/29/1995V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB03/18/1994V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
DOB03/18/1993V-DOB VIOLATION - ACTIVE
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING GLASS UPPER SASH 4 STY PUBLIC HALL 1 LITE ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005, 2007 ADM CODE REMOVE THE ILLEGAL FASTENING DOUBLE CYLINDER KEY OPERATED LOCK INSTALLED AT VESTIBULE DOOR TO 1 STY PUBLIC HALL.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING GLASS LOWER SASH & FRAME 3 STY PUBLIC HALL 1 LITE ER1.
HPD07/06/1992D26-17.10 ADM CODE POST NOTICE, IN FORM APPROVED BY THE DEPARTMENT, STATING THE NAME AND LOCATION OF THE PERSON DESIGNATED BY THE OWNER TO HAVE KEY TO BUILDING'S HEATING SYSTEM 1ST STY PUBLIC HALL NEAR MAILBOXES AND AT DOOR TO BOILER ROOM.
HPD07/06/1992D26-10.01 ADM CODE REPAIR THE ROOF SO THAT IT WILL NOT LEAK OVER 5TH STY WEST APT 5A ER1. LOCATED AT APT 5A
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2013 ADM CODE PAINT WITH LIGHT COLORED PAINT TO THE SATISFACTION OF THIS DEPARTMENT WALLS CEILINGS & TRIM 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING GLASS UPPER & LOWER SASHES 1 STY PUBLIC HALL 2 LITES ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING GLASS UPPER SASH 2 STY PUBLIC HALL 1 LITE ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005, 2007 ADM CODE FIRE EGRESS DEFECTIVE. RESTORE EGRESS BY REMOVING LOCKING DEVICE AND ARRANGE TO OPEN READILY THE GATE IN FENCE AT LOT LINE FRONT EAST OF BLDG LEADING TO FIRE PASSAGEWAY.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE PROPERLY REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE METAL RAIL OF STAIR FRONT EAST AREAWAY TO CELLAR.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING TOP SASH & GLASS 4 TO 5 STY PUBLIC HALL ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE MISSING PLATFORM & STAIRWELL TREADS FRONT AREAWAY AT EAST.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE WOOD PLATFORM FRONT EAST AREAWAY OF STAIRS ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE WOOD TREADS OF STAIRS FRONT EAST AREAWAY THRU OUT ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING TOP SASH & GLASS 2 TO 3 STY PUBLIC HALL ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2010, 2011, 2012 ADM CODE REMOVE THE ACCUMULATION OF REFUSE AND/OR RUBBISH AND MAINTAIN IN A CLEAN CONDITION THE 1 STY PUBLIC HALL THROUGHOUT. ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005, 2007 ADM CODE REMOVE THE ILLEGAL FASTENING PADLOCK & HASP INSTALLED ON GATE TO CELLAR AT FRONT AREAWAY.
HPD07/06/1992D26-41.15 ADM CODE POST A SIGN ON WALL OF ENTRANCE STORY IDENTIFYING OWNER AND MANAGING AGENT.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING TOP SASH GLASS 1 TO 2 STY PUBLIC HALL ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005, 2007 ADM CODE REMOVE THE ILLEGAL FASTENING ENTRANCE DOOR 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005, 2007 ADM CODE FIRE EGRESS DEFECTIVE. RESTORE EGRESS BY REMOVING LOCKING DEVICE AND ARRANGE TO OPEN READILY THE GATE IN FENCE AT LOT LINE FRONT EAST OF BLDG LEADING TO EAST COURT YARD ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2024 ADM CODE PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF COLD WATER FOR THE FIXTURES KITCHEN & BATHROOM FIXTURES 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D ER1. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2024 ADM CODE PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF HOT WATER FOR THE FIXTURES KITCHEN & BATHROOM 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D ER1. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING TOP SASH & GLASS 3 TO 4 STY PUBLIC HALL ER1.
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR WALLS & CEILING 1 ROOM FROM SOUTH 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR WALLS & CEILINGS FRONT ROOM 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2045, 2046 ADM CODE PROVIDE AN APPROVED AND OPERATIONAL SMOKE DETECTING DEVICE, INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH DEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGS RULES AND REGULATIONS MISSING 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR CEILING FRONT EAST ROOM 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD07/06/1992SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING KNOB ASSEMBLY ENTRANCE DOOR 5 STY NORTHWEST APT 5D. LOCATED AT APT 5D
DOB05/05/1992VP-VIOLATION UNSERVED ECB-ACTIVE
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE & 309 M/D LAW ABATE THE NUISANCE CONSISTING OF NO ELECTRICAL SERVICES PROVIDED 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C AS PER SEC 126 1907. , SECTION '' ''
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2024 ADM CODE PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF COLD WATER FOR THE FIXTURES 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C KITCHEN AND BATHROOM. , SECTION '' ''
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2070 ADM CODE PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF GAS TO THE FIXTURES 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C KITCHEN. , SECTION '' ''
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR CEILING AND SOUTH WALL 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C KITCHEN ER1. , SECTION '' ''
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR WALLS AND CEILING 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C THROUGHOUT. , SECTION '' ''
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2005, 2007 ADM CODE FIRE EGRESS DEFECTIVE. REMOVE OBSTRUCTING BARS OR UNLAWFUL GATES FROM WINDOW TO FIRE ESCAPE OR PROVIDE APPROVED TYPE GATE 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C. , SECTION '' ''
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2045, 2046 ADM CODE PROVIDE AN APPROVED AND OPERATIONAL SMOKE DETECTING DEVICE, INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH DEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGS RULES AND REGULATIONS MISSING 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C. , SECTION '' ''
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2024 ADM CODE PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF HOT WATER FOR THE FIXTURES 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C KITCHEN AND BATHROOM. , SECTION '' ''
HPD08/28/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR CEILING 2 ROOM FROM EAST AT NORTH 4 STY NORTHEAST APT 4C ER1. , SECTION '' ''
HPD01/23/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE MISSING GLASS SKYLIGHT ROOF OVER PUBLIC HALLS ER1.
HPD01/23/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR CEILING NORTH ROOM 5 STY SOUTHWEST APT 5-D ER1. LOCATED AT APT 5-D
HPD01/23/1991SECTION 27-2024 ADM CODE PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF HOT WATER FOR THE FIXTURES FIXTURE 5 STY SOUTHWEST APT 5D BATHROOM AND KITCHEN ER1. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD01/23/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE GLASS BOTTOM SASHES 2 AND 4 STY PUBLIC HALLS 2 LITE ER1.
HPD01/23/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPLACE WITH NEW THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE GLASS TOP SASH 3 STY PUBLIC HALL ER1.
HPD01/23/1991SECTION 27-2024 ADM CODE PROVIDE ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF COLD WATER FOR THE FIXTURES FIXTURE 5 STY SOUTHWEST APT 5D BATHROOM AND KITCHEN ER1. LOCATED AT APT 5D
HPD01/18/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE PROPERLY REPAIR WITH SIMILAR MATERIAL THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE WOOD FLOOR 5 STY NORTH APT 5D KITCHEN. , SECTION '' ''
HPD01/18/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR WALLS & CEILNG 5 STY NORTH APT 5D SOUTHWEST ROOM. , SECTION '' ''
HPD01/18/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE ROOF SO THAT IT WILL NOT LEAK OVER 5 STY NORTH APT 5D NORTH & CENTER ROOM. , SECTION '' ''
HPD01/18/1991SECTION 27-2005 ADM CODE REPAIR THE BROKEN OR DEFECTIVE PLASTERED SURFACES AND PAINT IN A UNIFORM COLOR WALLS & CEILING 5 STY NORTH APT 5D CENTER ROOM. , SECTION '' ''